太陽は銀河系の中では主系列星の一つで、スペクトル型はG2V(金色)である。
詳細は「小児肥満」を参照
健康的なBMIの範囲は、子供の年齢と性別によって異なる。小児および青年の肥満は、BMIが95パーセンタイルを超えるものと定義される[311]。2001年時点での、これらのパーセンタイルの基準となるデータは、1963年から1994年のものなので、直近の肥満率の増加の影響は受けていない.[312]。21世紀には小児肥満が蔓延し、先進国でも発展途上国でも増加している。カナダの男児における肥満率は、1980年代には11%であったのが、1990年代には30%を超え、同じ時期にブラジルの子供では4%から14%に増加した[313]。英国では、1989年と比較して、2005年には肥満児が60%増加した[314]。米国では、過体重児および肥満児の割合は2008年には16%に増加し、過去30年間で300%増加した[315]。
成人肥満と同様に、小児肥満の増加には多くの要因が関与している。食生活の変化と運動不足が、最近の小児肥満の増加における2大要因であると考えられている[316]。また、子供への不健康な食品の広告も、その商品の消費量を増加させる一因となっている[317]。生後6ヶ月以内の抗生物質投与は、7歳から12歳の間の過体重との関連が分かっている[181]。子供の肥満は成人後も持続することが多く、また多くの慢性疾患と関連しているため、肥満の子供は高血圧、糖尿病、高脂血症、脂肪肝の検査を受けることが多い[100]。
小児に行われる治療は主に生活様式への介入と行動療法であるが、小児の運動量を増やす取り組みはほとんど成功していない[318]。米国では、この年齢層に対する医薬品はFDAの承認を受けていない[313]。プライマリケアにおける短期の体重管理介入(例えば、医師または看護師による)は、小児の過体重や肥満の減少にわずかながらプラスの効果をもたらすにすぎない[319]。食事や運動の改善を含む多因子の行動変容介入は、6~11歳の小児のBMIを短期的に減少させる可能性があるが、その効果は小さく、エビデンスの質も低い[320]。
動物の肥満
[編集]ペットの肥満は多くの国々で一般的である。米国では、犬の23~41%が過体重であり、約5.1%が肥満である[321]。猫の肥満率は6.4%と、やや高めである[321]。オーストラリアでは、動物病院で診察された犬の肥満率は7.6%であることが分かっている[322]。日本の犬では、過体重と肥満をあわせて26%であった(2006年)[323]。犬の肥満リスクは飼い主が肥満であるかどうかに関連しているが、猫と飼い主の間にはそのような相関関係はない[324]。
脚注
[編集]注釈
[編集]出典
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